The Lumbar Spine Av James Taylor
Introduction<br>Methods of sectioning 266 autopsy spines<br>Section 1: Normal Anatomy<br>1 Structure and function <br>2 Disc: its part and their functions<br>3 Facets: structure and function<br>4 Nerves: In spinal canal and intervertebral foramen<br>5 Muscles and Movement<br>Section 2: Age changes<br>1 Osteoporosis: effects on vertebrae and on disc shape<br>2 Degenerative changes in discs<br>3 Disc fissuring and disc protrusion<br>4 Decline in ranges of movement with increase in age<br>5 Increase creep with age<br>6 Facet changes: arthritic changes; remodeling<br>7 Spinal stenosis and nerve impingement<br>8 Severe disc changes and segmental instability<br>9 Spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis<br>10 Facet joint fat pads: their increase in early instability<br>Section 3: Injuries<br>1 Thoracic and lumbar injuries contrast with cervical injuries<br>2 Vertebral end-plate fracture and collapse<br>3 Facet joint injuries: which are often occult.<br>Section 4: Lower Back Pain and Radicular Pai
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